PART - II
Q.2. Write a precis of the following passage and suggest a suitable heading to it.
Probably the only protection for contemporary man is to discover how to use his intelligence in the service of love and kindness. The training of human intelligence must include the simultaneous development of the emphatic capacity. Only in this way can intelligence be made an instrument of social morality and responsibility -- and thereby increase the chances of survival.
The need to produce human beings with trained morally sensitive intelligence is essentially a challenge to educators and educational institutions. Traditionally, the realm of social morality was left to religion and the churches as guardians or custodians. But their failure to fulfill this responsibility and their yielding to the seductive lures of the men of wealth and pomp and power documented by the history of the last two thousand years and have now resulted in the irrelevant "God is Dead" theological rhetoric. The more pragmatic men of power have had no time or inclination to death with the fundamental problems of social morality. For them simplistic Machiavellianism must remain the guiding principle of their decisions-power is morality, morality is power. This oversimplification increases the chances of nuclear devastation. We must therefore hope that educators and educational institutions have the capacity, the commitment and the time to instill moral sensitivity as an integral part of the complex pattern of function human intelligence. Some way must be found in the training of human beings to give them the assurance to love, the security to be kind, and the integrity required for a functional empathy.
3. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Use you own language.
In the height of the Enlightenment, men influenced by the new political theories of the era launched two of the largest revolutions in history. These two conflicts, on two separate continents, were both initially successful in forming new forms of government. And yet, the two conflicts, though merely a decade apart, had radically different conclusions. How do two wars inspired by more or less the same ideals end up so completely different? Why was the American Revolution largely a success and the French Revolution largely a failure? Historians have pointed to myriad reasons - far too various to be listed here. However, the most frequently cited are worth mentioning. For one, the American Revolution was far removed from the Old World; that is, since it was on a different continent, other European nations did not attempt to interfere with it.
However, in the French Revolution, there were immediate cries for war from neighboring nations. Early on, for instance, the ousted king attempted to flee to neighboring Austria and the army waiting there. The newly formed French Republic also warred with Belgium, and a conflict with Britain loomed. Thus, the French had the burden not only of winning a revolution but also defending it from outside. The American simply had to win a revolution.
Secondly, the American Revolution seemed to have a better chance of success from the get-go, due to the fact the Americans already saw themselves as something other than British subjects. Thus, there was already a uniquely American character, so, there was not as loud a cry to preserve the British way of life. In France, several thousands of people still supported the king, largely because the king was seen as essential part of French life. And when the king was first ousted and then killed, some believed that character itself was corrupted. Remember, the Americans did not oust a king or kill him - they merely separated from him.
Finally, there is a general agreement that the French were not as unified as the Americans, who, for the most part, put aside their political difference until after they had already formed a new nation. The French, despite their Tennis Court Oath, could not do so. Infighting led to inner turmoil, civil war, and eventually the Reign of Terror, in which political dissidents were executed in large numbers. Additionally, the French people themselves were not unified. The nation had so much stratification that it was impossible to unite all of them - the workers, the peasants, the middle-class, the nobles, the clergy - into one cause. And the attempts to do so under a new religion, the Divine Cult of Reason, certainly did not help. The Americans, remember, never attempted to change the society at large; rather, they merely attempted to change the government.
(i) Why and how did the Reign of Terror happen?
(ii) In what ways does the author suggest that the American Revolution was easier to complete than the French Revolution?
(iii) Of the challenges mentioned facing the French revolutionaries, which do you think had the greatest impact on their inability to complete a successful revolution? Why?
(iv) Of the strengths mentioned aiding the American revolutionaries, which do you thing had the greatest impact on their ability to compete a successful revolution? Why?
4. Write a comprehensive note (250-300 words) on any ONE of the following.
(i) Actions speak louder than words
(ii) Girls are more intelligent than boys
(iii) First deserve, then desire
(iv) Nothing is certain unless it is achieved
5. Use only FIVE of the following sentences which illustrate their meanings.
(i) To bring grist to the mill
(ii) To keep one's fingers crossed
(iii) With one's tongue in one's cheek
(iv) A storm in the tea cup
(v) To talk through one's hat
(vi) Hum and Haw
(vii) To let the grass grow under one's feet
(viii) Penny wise and pound foolish
6. Correct only FIVE of the following.
(i) Each furniture in this display is on sale for half price
(ii) He is abusing the money of his father.
(iii) The duties of the new secretary are to answer the telephone, to type letters and bookkeeping.
(iv) The new models are not only less expensive but more efficient also
(v) He complied with the requirement that all graduate students in education should write a thesis.
(vi) No sooner we left the shop it began to rain.
(vii) The population of Karachi is greater than any other city in Pakistan.
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